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Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2012 | Month : June | Volume : 6 | Issue : 5 | Page : 867 - 869 Full Version

A Clinical Study of Ectopic Pregnancy


Published: June 1, 2012 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2012/.2214
Rashmi A Gaddagi, A.P. Chandrashekhar

1. Assistant Professor in Department of OBG, SS Institute of Medical Sciences, Davangere, India. 2. Professor in Department of OBG, (JSS Medical College, Mysore, India).

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Rashmi A Gaddagi,
Assistant Professor in Department of OBG,
PUSHPAGIRI ; 1675/92,93; Ranganath badavane main road
Near Hadadi Road; Davangere 577005, Karnataka, India.
Phone: 09886130299
E-mail: obgrashmi@gmail.com, orthoraju@rediffmail.com

Abstract

Background- Motherhood- An eternal, universal and inherent dream which every woman has. This dream may not always be pleasant and it can involve nightmares. One of this is ectopic pregnancy – a pregnancy which can be life threatening . The present study involves a study on all the cases of ectopic pregnancy who were admitted to the Cheluvamba hospital during November 2004 to May 2006.

OBJECTIVES
1. To know the age group, parity and the risk factors with re¬spect to the ectopic pregnancy. 2. To know the clinical presentation of the ectopic pregnancy. 3. To know the outcome of the ectopic pregnancy.

Materials And Methods- A total of 37 patients who were di¬agnosed as ectopic pregnancy cases were analyzed between the period from November 2004 to May 2006. All these cases were analyzed after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria with respect to the 1. History 2. Clinical presentation 3. Investigations 4. Treatment

Results- The incidence of the ectopic pregnancy in the pres¬ent study was 1:399 pregnancies . A majority of the cases were multigravidas. In most of the cases, there were no identiable risk factors. However, they did present with pain in the abdomen, amenorrhoea and bleeding per vagina in at least 50% of the cases. Almost half (40%) were in a state of shock at admission. Ultrasound , a urine pregnancy test and culdocentesis were the investigative modalities which were used. All the cases were managed by surgical management. On laparotomy, a majority of the cases were found to be ampullary pregnancies, followed by interstitial pregnancies. The tube was ruptured in almost 80% of the cases and there was a haemoperitoneum. Almost all the patients had intraoperative and/ or postoperative blood transfusions. There was no significant post operative morbidity in these cases.

Interpretation And Conclusion- The early diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy is one of the greatest challenges for a physician. It requires a high index of suspicion i.e to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, one must be ectopic minded .The im-portance of an early diagnosis lies in the fact that the lady can be offered a conservative line of management which can definitely have a beneficial effect on her reproductive career.

Keywords

Ectopic pregnancy, Ampulla, Culdocentesis, Salpingectomy

Introduction
Ectopic pregnancy is defined as any intra or extrauterine pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants at an aberrant site which is inconducive to its growth and development (1). Ectopic pregnancy is assuming greater importance because of its increasing incidence and its impact on womens fertility [2,3]. Ectopic pregnancy remains the leading cause of maternal deaths in early pregnancy (4). With respect to the management of ectopic pregnancy, there has been tremendous technical advances. The early diagnosis and treatment of this condition over the past two decades has allowed a definitive medical management of unruptured ectopic pregnancies even before there were clinical symptoms in these high risk women [5,6]. The current trend is a conservative way of management of these pregnancies be it chemotherapeutic agents or conservative surgical approaches, the ultimate goal is TUBAL CONSERVATIVE PROCEDURES rather than radical surgeries [7,8]. METHODOLOGY OBG& GYN SOURCE OF THE DATA This study was undertaken at the Cheluvamba Hospital, Mysore, between November 2004 to May 2006 after obtaining ethical committee clearance from the hospital authorities. The source of the data included all the woman in the reproductive age group (15-44 years) who were admitted to the Cheluvamba Hospital with an ectopic pregnancy. METHODS OF COLLECTION OF THE DATA All the women with ectopic pregnancies (who were diagnosed after a clinical examination and investigations) were included in the study. INCLUSION CRITERIA The women who were diagnosed as ectopic pregnancy cases, who were in the reproductive age group of 15-44 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA No exclusion criteria

Results

• This study was undertaken at the Cheluvamba Hospital from November 2004 to April 2006.
• A total of 37 cases of ectopic pregnancy were diagnosed.
• The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the present study was 1:399 pregnancies or 1:285 deliveries.
• A majority of the patients (70.2%) belonged to the 21-30 years age group.
• 27% were nulliparas, 10.8% were primiparas and the rest (62.2%) were multiparas.
• The aetiological /risk factors: 37.83% had no risk factors; 16.21% had a prior history of tubectomy; 16.21% had a history of infertility (primary or secondary); 18.91% had a history of D and C; Cu-T each; 1 case conceived while she was on OCP, but she gives a history of missed pills; and a history of previous ectopic preg-nancy and appendicectomy were seen in 2.7% each. A history of PID and previous LSCS were found in 8.1% of the cases each.
• A majority of the cases presented with pain in the abdomen (89.2% of cases); amenorrhoea (75.7%) and spotting (43.2%).
• Around 40.5% of the cases were brought in a state of shock.
• Tenderness on cervical movement was present in 75.7% of the cases and masses in the fornices were present in 70.3% of the cases.
• The urinary pregnancy test was positive in 97.3% of the cases and culdocentesis was positive only in 37.8% of the cases.
• Ultrasound revealed a ruptured ectopic pregnancy in 43.2% of the cases; an unruptured pregnancy in 8.1% of the cases and a heterogenous mass in 40.5% of the cases. In 83.8% of the cases, a fluid was noted in the Pouch of Douglas.
• A majority of the cases were ampullary pregnancies (69.7%). nterstitial/cornual pregnancy was seen in 15.2% of the cases and 3% of the cases were isthmal pregnancies, while 9.1% of the cas¬es showed pregnancy in a rudimentary horn.
• 78.3% showed a ruptured ectopic pregnancy on laparotomy. Tubal abortion was seen in 4 cases and an unruptured ectopic pregnancy in 3 cases.
• 86.4% of the cases showed a haemoperitoneum on lapa¬rotomy.
• The most common procedure which was done was salp¬ingectomy in 51.4% of the cases, followed by salpingo-oophorec¬tomy in another 13.5% of the cases. In 5.4% of the cases (i.e. 2 cases) total abdominal hysterectomy was done. Both these cases were cornual pregnancies. • Most of these cases (36) had blood transfusions intraoperatively and post-operatively.
•The postoperative period was uneventful, except 1 case which developed pulmonary oedema which was secondary to the fluid overload.(Table/Fig 2),(Table/Fig 3),(Table/Fig 4).

Discussion

INCIDENCE
The incidence of ectopic pregnancy has increased since the last 20 years. The incidence in this present study was 1:399 pregnancies or 1:285 deliveries (Table/Fig 1).

RISK FACTORS AND ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Previous Abortions and D and C
In the current study -18.91 % In Rose Jophy et al., study - 25 .8 %

PID and Ectopic Pregnancy
In the current study - 8.1 %
In March Banks’ study (1998) - 4%
In Savitha Devi’s study (2000) - 25%
In Rose et al., study (2002) - 34.4%

HISTORY OF INFERTILITY
In the current study - 16.21 %
In March Banks’ study (1998) - 2.9%
In Savitha Devi’s study (2000) - 48.07%
In Rose et al., study (2002) - 15.1%
In Arora et al., study (1998) - 11.2%
In Mitra et al., study (1980) - 55.2%

PREVIOUS ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
In the present study- 2.7% In Rose et al., study (2002) - 3.2 % This is because tubal disease is nearly always bilateral and because there is a strong tendency for ectopic pregnancy to occur first on one side and then later on the other side (9).
HOWEVER, THE MOST IMPORTANT FACT WHICH NEEDS ATTENTION IS THAT IN A MAJORITY OF THE CASES (37.83%), THERE WAS NO RECOGNIZABLE RISK FACTOR. THIS STRESSES THE FACT, THAT TO DIAGNOSE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, WE MUST BE ECTOPIC MINDED.

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
The classical findings of pain in the abdomen, amenorrhoea and vaginal bleeding is not seen in all the cases . This is because the clinical picture is dependent on several fac¬tors, the most important factor being the time which is taken for a disturbance to occur in the ectopic pregnancy. The more extensive and rapid the disturbance is, the more clear is the clinical picture. On the other hand, an undisturbed unruptured ectopic pregnancy is more likely to be missed unless it is recognized by ultrasonog¬raphy (10).

GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
In the present study, most of the cases (40.5%) presented with shock as compared to those in other studies. This was because a majority of the cases (78.37%) presented with a ruptured ecto¬pic pregnancy. Pallor was a significant finding which was seen in almost 70-80% of the cases of ectopic pregnancies. Thus, GPE gives an important clue to the diagnosis and also an idea regarding the condition of the tube (11).

CLINICAL SIGNS
Result
In the present study, as most of the cases were suggestive of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, they were taken up for laparotomy and salpingo-oophorectomy / salpingectomy (67.6%). The other procedures which were done were:
1. Milking for tubal abortion - 5.4%
2. Rudimentary horn excision - 8.1%
3. Cornual excision and repair - 2.7%
4. Broad ligament sac excision and salpingectomy.
5. Two cases underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with salpingo-
oophorectomy. These were cases of cornual pregnancies,
both of which were ruptured.

Conclusion

OPERATIVE FINDINGS
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of ectopic pregnancies is on the rise, as was evident by the findings of this study. All the cases were diagnosed with a high index of clinical suspicion and the USG findings added to the diagnosis. Though the recent trend in the management of ectopic pregnancy is the use of a conservative surgical or medical line of management, radical surgery or salpingectomy was the treatment modality which was used in the present study. This was mainly because a majority (80%) of the cases were referred or they came late to the hospital after the ectopic pregnancy had ruptured. But fortunately, there has not been even a single mortality. The maternal morbidity was also significantly less .

References

1.
Te linde’s Operative Gynaecology, 8th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott- Raven 1997; 501-27.
2.
Ectopic Pregnancy – United States, 1990-92. JAMA 1995; 273:533.
3.
Rajkhowa M, Glass MR, Rutherford AJ, Balen AH, Sharma V, Cuckle HS. Trends in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in England and Wales from 1966-1996. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000 March; 107:369-74.
4.
Department of Health : Why mothers die : a confidential enquiry into the maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. In Drife J, Lewis G (eds): Norwich, UK :HMSO,2001; 282.
5.
Stovall TG, Ling FW, Buster JE. Outpatient chemotherapy of unruptured ectopic pregnancies. Fertil Steril 1989; 51:435.
6.
Stovall TG, Ling FW, Gray LA, Carson SA, Buster JE. Methotrexate treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancies: a report of 100 cases. Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 77:749.
7.
Sultana CJ, Easley K, Collins RL. Outcome of laparoscopic vs traditional surgeries for ectopic pregnancies. Fertil Steril 1992; 57:285.
8.
Delacruz A, Cumming DC. The factors which determine the fertility after a conservative or radical surgical treatment for ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1997; 68:871.
9.
Comprehensive Gynaecology, 3rd edition. Missouri, St Louis: Mosby 1997; 432.
10.
Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Yiostalo P. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by vaginal ultrasonography in combination with a discriminatory serum HCG level of 1000 IU/L (IRP). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97:904.
11.
Stabile J, Grudzinskas JG. Ectopic pregnancy: A review of the incidence, etiology and the diagnostic aspects. Obstet Gynaecol Surv 1990; 45:335.

DOI and Others

DOI: JCDR/2012/4015:0000

Date of Submission: Jan 18, 2012
Date of Peer Review: Mar 01, 2012
Date of Acceptance: Mar 17, 2012
Date of Publishing: Jun 22, 2012

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